Asymmetrically branched polymer conjugates and microarray assays

ABSTRACT

Asymmetrically branched polymers are combined with bioactive agents for a variety of purposes including drug delivery and conjugation to one member of a binding pair for use in an assay.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns the use of asymmetrically branchedpolymers in composite materials, such as conjugates, which can beemployed in assay applications related to use in agriculture,environmental studies, diagnostics, drug monitoring, drug targetscreening, lead optimization, and therapeutics, and other materials,particularly those having biological activities and target recognitioncapabilities.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Asymmetrically Branched Polymers

In recent years, a new class of polymers called dendritic polymers,including both Starburst dendrimers (or Dense Star polymers) andCombburst dendrigrafts (or hyper comb-branched polymers), have beendeveloped and extensively studied in industrial and academiclaboratories (Dendritic Molecules, edited by G R Newkome et al., VCH,Weinheim, 1996, and Dendrimers and Other Dendritic Polymers, edited by JM J Frechet and D A Tomalia, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2001). Thesepolymers often exhibit: (a) a well-defined core molecule, (b) at leasttwo concentric dendritic layers (generations) with symmetrical (equal)branch junctures, and (c) exterior surface groups, as described inTomalia's U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,435,548; 4,507,466; 4,568,737; 4,587,329;5,338,532; 5,527,524; and 5,714,166, and the references therein.

These symmetrically branched dendrimers are also distinctively differentfrom the previously prepared asymmetrically branched dendrimers(Denkewalter's U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,289,872; 4,360,646; and 4,410,688). Thelatter possess asymmetrical (unequal) branch junctures.

Both types of dendrimers can be produced by repetitive protecting anddeprotecting procedures through either a divergent or a convergentsynthetic approach. Since both symmetric and asymmetric dendrimersutilize small molecules as molecular building blocks for the cores andthe branches, the molecular weights of these dendrimers are oftenprecisely defined. In the case of lower generations, a single molecularweight dendrimer is often obtained.

Similar to dendrimers, Combburst dendrigrafts are also constructed witha core molecule and concentric layers with symmetrical branches througha stepwise synthetic method. In contrast to dendrimers, Combburstdendrigrafts or polymers are generated with monodisperse linearpolymeric building blocks (Tomalia's U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,527 and Yin'sU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,631,329 and 5,919,442). Moreover, the branch pattern isalso very different from that of dendrimers. For example, Combburstdendrigrafts form branch junctures along the polymeric backbones (chainbranches), while Starburst dendrimers often branch at the termini(terminal branches). Due to the utilization of living polymerizationtechniques, the molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn) of thesepolymeric building blocks (core and branches) are often very narrow. Asa result, Combburst dendrigrafts, produced through a graft-upon-graftprocess, are rather well defined with molecular weight distributions(Mw/Mn) often less than 1.2.

Although possessing well controlled molecular architecture, such as welldefined size, shape, and surface functional groups, both dendrimers anddendrigrafts can only be produced through a large number of reiterationsteps, making them only useful for esoteric academic studies rather thanlarge scale commercial applications.

Dendrimers and dendrigrafts have been shown to possess unique carrierproperties for bioactive molecules, as described in Tomalia's U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,338,532; 5,527,524; and 5,714,166 for Dense Star Polymers, andYin's U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,442 for Hyper Comb-Branched Polymers. Theseunique properties (i.e., surface functional groups and interior voidspaces) have been primarily attributed to the well-controlled,symmetrical dendritic architecture with predictable branching patterns(either symmetrical termini or polymeric chain branching) and molecularweights.

According to these teachings, random and regular, asymmetricallybranched polymers (ran-ABP and reg-ABP) have long been considered aspoor carrier materials. For example, a ran-ABP possesses: a) no core, b)functional groups both at the exterior and in the interior, c) variablebranch lengths and patterns (i.e., termini and chain branches), and d)unevenly distributed interior void spaces. Although a reg-ABP possessesa core, the functional groups are both at the exterior and in theinterior. Therefore, both ran-ABP and reg-ABP are generally consideredto be unsuitable for carrying bioactive molecules.

The preparation of reg-ABP made of polylysine has been described, asillustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,289,872; 4,360,646; and 4,410,688.

The synthesis and mechanisms of ran-ABPs, such as made ofpolyethyleneimine (PEI), have been extensively studied (see G D Jones etal., J. Org. Chem. 9, 125 (1944), G D Jones et al., J. Org. Chem. 30,1994 (1965), and C R Dick et al., J. Macromol. Sci. Chem., A4 (6),1301-1314, (1970)).

The synthesis and characterization of random asymmetrically branchedpolymers, such as made of polyoxazoline, i.e., poly(2-methyloxazoline)and/or poly(2-ethyloxazoline), have been extensively studied by Litt (J.Macromol. Sci. Chem. A9(5), pp. 703-727 (1975)) and Warakomski (J.Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. 28, 3551 (1990)).

Most of the prior art involved the utilization of polyethyleneiminepolymers as coating materials to alter the characteristics of solidsurfaces (i.e. changing charges, charge densities, and hydrophobicity).The coating aspects of polyethyleneimine polymers have been described inJ Ness's U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,103 and K Moynihan's U.S. Pat. No.6,365,349. Polyethyleneimines have also been tested as to carrying DNAmolecules for gene transfection studies. However, the polymer was foundto be cytotoxic.

Randomly branched poly(2-ethyloxazoline) has also been utilized tophysically encapsulate protein molecules (U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,450).However, such an approach was not designed for the direct, covalentlinking of ABP with bioactive materials for bioassays and drug deliveryapplications.

So far, none of the existing prior art has utilized modified ran-ABP andreg-ABP to carry bioactive materials for drug delivery and targetrecognition purposes, particularly for assay and microarray relatedapplications, wherein transporting, anchoring, and orientingbiologically active materials from a solution onto a solid surface alloccur at the same time.

Assays and Microarrays

Since the completion of the human genome project, more and moreresearchers have realized that the elucidation of biological pathwaysand mechanisms at the protein level is actually far more important thanat the genetic level. This is because the former is more closely relatedto different diseases and disease stages. With this strong demand push,a new forum called proteomics has recently become a major research focusfor both industrial and academic researchers.

Currently, three major research tools have been employed in theproteomics research arena, primarily for the discovery, high throughputscreening, and validation of new protein targets and drug leads. Thesetools include two dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis, massspectrometry, and more recently, protein microarrays. In contrast to thelengthy 2-D gel procedures and tedious sample preparation (primarilyseparations) involved in mass spectrometry analysis, protein microarraysprovide a fast, easy, and low-cost method to screen large amounts ofproteins, as well as their functions. Therefore, microarrays are highlydesired by proteomics researchers.

However, the protein-based microarray technology is far less developedthan gene microarrays. The construction of a protein/antibody chippresents daunting challenges not encountered in the development ofclassical immunoassays or of DNA chips. In general, proteins are moresensitive to their environment than nucleic acids. The hydrophobicity ofmany membrane, glass, and plastic surfaces can cause proteindenaturation, rendering the capture molecules inactive and resulting inlower sensitivity and higher noise-to-signal ratios. In other words, toconstruct a protein microarray, one must be able to overcome at leastthree major problems, protein denaturation, immobilization, andorientation.

For example, a protein molecule often folds into a three-dimensionalstructure in solution for and to maintain biological activity. Oninteraction with different solid surfaces, for example, duringimmobilization of proteins onto membranes, glass slides, ormicro/nanoparticles, the three-dimensional structure of the proteinmolecule often collapses, thus losing biological activity. In addition,proteins often do not have the ability to adhere onto differentsurfaces.

To immobilize the protein molecule on a surface, a direct covalentlinking reaction or an electrostatic interaction (physical adsorption)often has to be employed. Heterogeneous chemical reactions often areincomplete yielding undesired side products (i.e. incompletemodification of surfaces), and in some cases, also partially denaturedproteins during different reaction stages.

The electrostatic interaction relies heavily on the isoelectric pointsof the proteins, as well as the pH of the buffer solutions.

Both approaches tend to give irreproducible results due to thecomplexity involved in these procedures. The lot-to-lot reproducibilityis, therefore, very poor. As a result, there is a great interest inmodifying solid substrates, but not the protein molecule itself. Avariety of polymers, including polyethyleneimine polymers, have beenutilized as coating materials to alter the characteristics of solidsurfaces for the construction of protein arrays, as described by PWagner et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,921.

So far, none of the prior art utilizes modified random and regularasymmetrically branched polymers as carriers for bioactive materials,particularly for the construction of assays and microarrays.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention is directed to polymer conjugatematerials comprising asymmetrically branched polymers (ABP) associatedwith desired materials (hereinafter called ABP conjugates), processesfor preparing these polymers and conjugates, compositions containing theconjugates, and methods of using the conjugates and compositions.

Also included is an asymmetrically branched polymer associated withmultiple units of carried material, and each with different propertiesand activities. Such conjugates may be formulated with acceptablecarriers, diluents, and additives for use, for example, in biodetection,diagnostics, agriculture and pharmaceuticals.

The asymmetrically branched polymer conjugates are suitable for use in avariety of applications where specific delivery of bioactive materialsis desired. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, therandom asymmetrically branched polymer conjugates are comprised of oneor more asymmetrically branched polymers associated with one or morebioactive materials.

In another aspect of the invention, the asymmetrically branched polymerhas either random or regular, asymmetrical branch junctures with amixture of terminal and chain branching patterns.

In another aspect of the invention, the asymmetrically branched polymerhas functional groups both at the exterior and in the interior.

In another aspect of the invention, the asymmetrically branched polymerhas unevenly distributed void spaces.

In another aspect of the invention, the asymmetrically branched polymeris modified with at least one monomer capable of forming additionalbranches at a given time so that new material properties can beachieved, wherein the said modified polymer is defined as a modifiedasymmetrically branched polymer.

The modified asymmetrically branched polymers can be either obtainedthrough chemically linked functional groups on regular asymmetricallybranched polylysines or on random asymmetrically branchedpolyethyleneimines (commercially available from Aldrich, Polysciences,or BASF under the trade name, Luposal™).

The random asymmetrically branched polyoxazoline polymers can beprepared according to procedures described by M Litt (J. Macromol. Sci.Chem. A9(5), pp. 703-727 (1975)).

In another aspect of the invention, the asymmetrically branched polymeris further modified with functional groups, such as, but not limited toan —NH₂, —NHR, —NR₂, —NR₃ ⁺, —COOR, —COOH, —COO—, —OH, —C(O)R, —C(O)NH₂,—C(O)NHR, or —C(O)NR₂ group, an aliphatic group, which can be branched,contain one or more double and/or triple bonds and/or may besubstituted, an aromatic group, which may contain a plurality of rings,which may be fused or separated, the rings may be of varying size and/ormay contain substituents, perfluorocarbon chains, saccharides, which maybe of varying ring sizes, the rings may contain a heteroatom, such as asulfur or nitrogen atom, and/or may be substituted, polysaccharides,containing two or more monomers, may be branched and/or may besubstituted, and polyethylene glycols, wherein R can be any aliphatic oraromatic group, or a combination thereof, as defined herein.

The molecular weight of these non-modified and modified asymmetricallybranched polymers can range from about 500 to over 5,000,000; preferablyfrom about 500 to about 1,000,000; more preferably from about 1,000 toabout 500,000; and more preferably from about 2,000 to about 100,000.

The preferred conjugates of the present invention include those where anasymmetrically branched polymer conjugate comprises at least onenon-modified and/or modified asymmetrically branched polymer associatedwith at least one unit of at least one biologically active (bioactive)material. Some examples of biologically active materials areinterleukins, interferons, T-helper cell CD4 molecule, F_(c) receptor,acetylcholine receptor (AChR), T cell receptor for antigen, insulinreceptor, tumor necrosis factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor,hormone receptors, antibodies, antibody fragments, IgG molecules, F_(ab)and other antibody derivatives that bind antigen, recombinant proteins,polypeptides, phage, phage fragments, DNA fragments, RNA fragments,hormones, such as insulin and hCG, enzymes, sialic acid, porphyrins,nucleotides, viruses, viral fragments and so on.

The instant invention also contemplates compositions comprising aplurality of polymers of interest encapsulating at least onebiologically active molecule. A single species of polymer of interest orplural species of polymers can be used to form the encapsulating layer.

In one aspect of the invention, the non-modified and/or modifiedasymmetrically branched polymer-bioactive material conjugates can beutilized, for example, for the rapid detection of target molecules ofinterest, such as environmental pollutants, chemical and biologicalwarfare agents, as well as for screening for drug targets and leads, andtherapeutic drug and therapeutic effect monitoring.

In another aspect of the invention, the non-modified and/or modifiedasymmetrically branched polymer-bioactive material conjugates can beutilized, for example, for the rapid diagnosis of different cancers,tumors, pathological states and diseases, as well as for monitoringbiomarker changes and protein profiling during clinical trials andtherapeutic treatments.

In another aspect of the invention, the non-modified and/or modifiedasymmetrically branched polymer-bioactive material conjugates can beutilized, for example, for the construction of direct sandwich, indirectsandwich, sequential, and competition biological assays.

In yet another aspect of the invention, at least one non-modified and/ormodified asymmetrically branched polymer can be utilized to carry atleast one protein molecule to various solid surfaces, generatingvirtually no denaturation of the at least one protein molecule. Thesesurfaces can include nitrocellulose, paper, other membranes, glasses,metals, plastics and the like, can be presented in a variety of forms,such as flat surfaces, such as sheets, strips and so on, spheres, suchas particles and beads, and other forms, and can be used, for example,for the generation of plate microarrays based on spatial arrangementsfor the production of bead, micro or nanoarrays and assays. The beadmicro/nanoarrays can either be constructed through the attachment ofmultiple proteins on the same micro/nanoparticle or by simply mixing thebeads, wherein each bead carries one specific kind of a proteinmolecule. In addition to detection, the bead micro/nanoarrays can alsobe utilized for rapid, large-scale, high throughput separation ofbioactive materials prior to analysis with protein plate microarrays, 2Dgels, or mass spectrometers. Such protein arrays are ideal tools forprotein target discovery, validation, drug lead screening, as well asmonitoring biomarkers and protein profiles during therapeutic treatment.

The asymmetrically branched polymer conjugates may be further used inapplications related to agriculture, food safety assurance, as well asin vitro and in vivo diagnostics, therapeutics delivery and targeting.Thus, the polymer conjugates can be used as drug delivery devices, whichcan provide bolus delivery, delayed released, timed release, entericcoating and various other pharmacological formulations of desiredcharacteristics. Such conjugates may also be utilized as key sensingcomponents in various sensor platforms including, but not limited to,optical, electrical, piezoelectric devices, as well as microfluidics andmicroelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems(NEMS).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following description of the figures and the respective drawings arenon-limiting examples that depict various embodiments that exemplify thepresent invention.

FIG. 1 depicts random (A) and regular (B) asymmetrically branchedpolymers with asymmetrical branch junctures and patterns.

FIG. 2 depicts the chemical structure of a random asymmetricallybranched polyethyleneimine polymer.

FIG. 3 depicts chemical modification reactions of random asymmetricallybranched polyethyleneimine polymers.

FIG. 4 depicts a protein microarray constructed with asymmetricallybranched polymers for the detection and quantification of multipleantigens simultaneously.

FIG. 5 illustrates lateral flow-based immunoassay configurations. FIG.5A. Configuration of an immunoassay ticket without a plastic cover: (a)adsorbent pad, (b) conjugate release pad, (c) membrane, (d) zonecontaining capture antibody, (e) zone containing control antibody, and(f) receiving pad. FIG. 5B. An illustration of positive and negativeimmunoassay tickets in a lateral flow assay format on addition of samplesolutions. The dipstick assays worked in a similar manner. (S) samplewell, (T) test line and (C) control line.

FIG. 6 depicts a comparison of assay performance of modified randomasymmetrically branched PEI polymer-antibody-based assays withantibody-based lateral flow tests for the detection of ricin toxoid.

FIG. 7 depicts a comparison of indirect assays constructed with orwithout random asymmetrically branched polymers. A much highersensitivity was achieved with ABP-based assays.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

Asymmetrically branched polymers are depicted in FIG. 1, with asymmetricbranches, wherein some of the polymers of interest possess no core andexhibit asymmetrical branch junctures consisting of both chain andterminal branches throughout the entire polymer. The functional groupsare present both at the exterior and in the interior.

Such polymers exhibit a number of unique advantages. First, a variety ofknown starting materials can be employed. Such monomers and polymers arelow-cost and very easy to manufacture in large quantities. For example,one such precursor polymer that can be used to synthesize a polymer ofinterest is polyethyleneimine (PEI). The synthesis of randomasymmetrically branched polyethyleneimines was discovered more than sixdecades ago (G D Jones et al., J. Org. Chem. 9, 125 (1944)) and thesynthetic procedures for these precursor polymers are well established.Polyethyleneimines with various molecular weights are commerciallyavailable from different sources such as Aldrich, Polysciences, and BASF(under the trade name Luposal™). The random asymmetrically branchedpolyethyleneimines are primarily produced through cationic ring-openingpolymerization of ring-strained cyclic imine monomers, such asaziridines (ethyleneimine) and azetidines (propyleneimine), with Lewisor Bronsted acids as initiators. (O C Dermer et al., “Ethylenediamineand Other Aziridines”, Academic Press, New York, (1969), and A S Pell,J. Chem. Soc. 71 (1959)). Since it is a one-pot process, largequantities of random asymmetrically branched polymers can be readilyproduced. (FIG. 2).

The randomly branched poly(2-substituted oxazoline) polymers can beprepared according to procedures described by M Litt (J. Macromol. Sci.Chem. A9(5), pp. 703-727 (1975)).

Second, the prior art synthetic processes often generate various branchjunctures within the macromolecule. In other words, a mixture ofterminal and chain branch junctures is distributed throughout the entiremolecular structure. The branching densities of these randomasymmetrically branched polymers are lower, and the molecular structureis more open when compared with dendrimers and dendrigrafts. Althoughthe branch pattern is random, the average ratio of primary, secondary,and tertiary amine groups is relatively consistent, with a ratio ofabout 1:2:1, as described by C R Dick et al., J. Macromol. Sci. Chem.,A4 (6), 1301-1314 (1970) and G M Lukovkin, Eur. Polym. J. 9, 559 (1973).

Due to the presence of these branch junctures, the random asymmetricallybranched polyethyleneimines are still considered sphericalmacromolecules. Within the globular structure, there are various sizesof pockets formed from the imperfect branch junctures at the interior ofthe macromolecule. Unlike dendrimers and dendrigrafts where interiorpockets are always located around the center core of the molecule, thepockets of random asymmetrically branched polymers are spread unevenlythroughout the entire molecule. As a result, random asymmetricallybranched polymers possess both exterior and unevenly distributedinterior functional groups that can be further reacted with a variety ofmolecules, thus forming new macromolecular architectures, defined asmodified random asymmetrically branched polymers (FIG. 3).

Although having a core, the functional groups of the regularasymmetrically branched polymer are also distributed both at theexterior and in the interior, which is very similar to the random ABP.Again, a variety of precursor polymers can be used to construct suchpolymers of interest. One such precursor polymer is polylysine. The bestexample of making such polymers is regular asymmetrically branchedpolylysine polymers as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,289,872; 4,360,646;and 4,410,688. As a result, such polymers can also be modified in asimilar manner as for the random ABPs.

In one embodiment of this invention, the asymmetrically branched polymer(for example, either a random asymmetrically branched polyethyleneimine(PEI) or a regular asymmetrically branched polylysine) was modified withdifferent kinds of primary amine groups through, for example, Michaeladdition or an addition of acrylic esters onto amines of the polymer.Thus, for example, through a Michael addition reaction, methyl acrylatecan be introduced onto the primary and/or secondary amino groups ofpolyethyleneimine and polylysine polymers. The ester groups then can befurther derivitized, for example, by an amidation reaction. Thus, forexample, such an amidation reaction with, for example, ethylenediamine,can yield the addition of an amino group at the terminus of the newlyformed branch. Other modifications to the polymer can be made usingknown chemistries, for example, as provided in “Poly(amines) and Poly(ammonium salts)” in Handbook of Polymer Synthesis (Part A) Edited by HR Kricheldorf, New York, Marcel Dekker, 1994.

On such addition, a modified asymmetrically branched polymer, such as, amodified PEI or polylysine polymer, is formed. As an extension of theasymmetrically branched polymer, such as PEI and polylysine, theresulting modified ABP is also asymmetrically branched. Depending on thesolvent environment (i.e. pH or polarity), the surface functional groupscan carry different charges and charge densities. The molecular shapeand functional group locations (i.e., functional group back folding) canthen be further tuned, based on these characteristic properties.

In another embodiment of this invention, the modified asymmetricallybranched polymers can be produced using any of a variety of syntheticschemes that, for example, are known to be amenable to reaction with asuitable site on the polymer. Moreover, any of a variety of reagents canbe used in a synthetic scheme of choice to yield any of a variety ofmodifications, or additions to the polymer backbone. Thus, for example,in the case of the Michael addition reaction to an amine describedabove, the addition of any of a variety of monomers can be used at thealkylation stage with a C₁-C₂₂ acrylate. Preferred reactants, includemethyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl,decyl, undecyl, dodecyl acrylate and mixtures thereof. Similarly, at theamidation stage in the example exemplified above, any of a variety ofamines can be used. For example, ethylenediamine, monoethanolamine,tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, alkyl amine, allyl amine, or any aminomodified polymers including polyethylene glycol (PEG),perfluoropolymers, polystyrene, polyethylene, polydimethylsilixane,polyacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate, and the like, and mixturesthereof, can be used.

This synthetic strategy would allow not only asymmetric growth of themolecule, where more pockets can be readily introduced, but also theaddition of multiple functional groups at both the interior and theexterior of the structure. Obviously, one can continuously modify theprecursor polymer using the same or a different synthetic process untilthe desired asymmetrically branched polymers with appropriate molecularweights and functional groups are attained. In addition, the hydrophobicand hydrophilic properties, as well as charge densities of suchpolymers, can be readily tailored to fit specific application needsusing appropriate monomers for constructing the polymer, and suitablemodification reactions.

In another embodiment of the invention, the chain end of randomasymmetrically branched polyoxazoline can be terminated or reacted withanother small molecule to generate various functional groups at thepolymeric chain ends including primary, secondary or tertiary amines andcarboxylate, hydroxyl, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl, PEG, acetate, amide,and/or ester groups. Alternatively, various initiators can also beutilized so that the same type of functional groups can be introduced atthe chain end (J. Macromol. Sci. Chem. A9(5), pp. 703-727 (1975)).Therefore, an alkyl modified, random asymmetrically branchedpoly(2-ethyloxazoline) with primary amine chain ends can be preparedusing M Litt's procedure, supra.

In another embodiment of this invention, asymmetrically branchedpolymers can be utilized to carry bioactive materials for both in vitroand in vivo related applications. The bioactive materials comprise avariety of molecules, particularly those with the ability to bindanother molecule, such as a biological polymer, such as a polypeptide, apolynucleotide, a lipid, a polysaccharide, an enzyme, a receptor, anantibody, a vitamin, a lectin and so on. The target may be a pathogen,such as a parasite, a bacterium, a virus, or a toxin, such as venom. Thebioactive materials can be used for a variety of uses, including as adiagnostic agent, a therapeutic agent and so on. By “diagnostic agent”is meant a molecule which can be used as a marker for a particulardisease, physiological state or stage, a pathological stage or state,and so on. Albumin, mineral level, microorganism, specific antibody,specific antigen, toxin and so on are examples of diagnostic agents.Therapeutic agents are those that confer a beneficial effect, such as adrug, a nutrient, a protein and so on. It is not uncommon for aparticular target to be both a diagnostic agent and a therapeutic agent.

Due to the ability to produce unevenly distributed pocket sizes andvarious functional groups either in the interior or at the exterior,these asymmetrically branched polymers, on proper modification, arecapable of carrying a variety of materials ranging from small molecules,such as metal ions and drugs, to other large bioactive materials, suchas proteins and DNA.

A polymer of interest may be used to encapsulate a bioactive molecule,particularly pharmaceuticals.

The microcapsule can be made as taught herein and as known in the art,see, for example, Microencapsulation, Methods and IndustrialApplications, Benita, ed., Dekker, 1996. The microcapsules can be madein a dry state mixture or reaction, or can be made in a liquid statemixture or reaction.

Microcapsules can be administered to a host in a variety of waysincluding oral, IM, SC, IV, rectal, topical and so on, as known in theart.

The instant microcapsules can be used in topical applications, such ascreams, ointments, lotions, unguents, other cosmetics and the like.Pharmaceuticals and other bioactive or inert compounds can beencapsulated such as emollients, bleaching agents, antiperspirants,pharmaceuticals, moisturizers, scents, colorants, pigments, dyes,antioxidants, oils, fatty acids, lipids, inorganic salts, organicmolecules, opacifiers, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, keratolytic agents, UVblocking agents, tanning accelerators, depigmenting agents, deodorants,perfumes, insect repellants and the like.

Metals that can be carried by a polymer of interest may include, but arenot limited to, transition metals and others, such as Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf,V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt,Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd and Hg, alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals,Lanthanide series elements, such as Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Th, Dy,Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, and Actinide series elements, such as Th, Pa, U,Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, and Lr.

Drugs that can be carried by a polymer of interest include, but are notlimited to, anesthetics, antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals,analgesics, antihypertensives, antiinflammatories, antidotes,antihistamines, chemotherapeutic agents, hormones, antidepressants,depressants, stimulants, tranquilizers, urinary antiinfectives,vasoconstrictors, vitamins, cardioactive drugs, immunosuppressives,nutritional supplements, and the like. Specific examples are lidocaine,bupivacaine, hydrocortisone, chlorpheniramine, triprolidine,dextromethorphan, codeine, methidizine, trimeprizine, atropine, 2-PAMchloride, homatropine, levodopa, cyclizine, meclizine, scopolamine,acetaminophen, amphotericin B, amphetamine, methamphetamine,dextroamphetamine, propanolol, procainamide, disopyraminide, quinidine,encainide, milrinone, amrinone, dobutamine, enalapril, colnidine,hydralazine, guanadrel, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, tetracycline,erythromycin and quinolone drugs.

Large bioactive materials that can be carried by a polymer of interestmay include, but are not limited to, proteins, recombinant proteins,antibodies, F_(ab) antibody fragments, other antibody fragments thatbind antigen, enzymes, DNA, recombinant DNA, DNA fragments, RNA, RNAi,recombinant RNA, RNA fragments, nucleotides, viruses, virus fragmentsand so on.

In yet another embodiment of this invention, these asymmetricallybranched polymers can be used to manipulate biological sensing events atthe nanometer scale. The preferred conjugates of the present inventioninclude those where asymmetrically branched polymer conjugates compriseat least one asymmetrically branched polymer associated with at leastone unit of at least one biologically active material or biologicalresponse indicator.

The biologically active material, biological response indicator ortherapeutic molecule often is one that has a recognition or bindingability. For the purposes of the instant invention, those molecules ofinterest that have a recognition or binding ability will be identifiedas binding pairs, or individually as one of or one member of a bindingpair. Thus, examples of binding pairs include, antibody and antigen;antigen-binding portion of an antibody and antigen; the F_(c) portion ofan antibody and an F_(c) receptor; avidin, streptavidin, neutral avidin,NeutraLite avidin or other avidin derivatives and analogs and biotin;hormone receptor and hormone; nucleic acid binding moiety, such as aprotein and a target nucleic acid, such as a restriction enzyme; enzymeand substrate; enzyme and cofactor; one strand of a nucleic acid and thecomplementary strand of nucleic acid; enzyme and nucleic acidrecognition site, as with restriction enzymes; lectin and the cognatesaccharide; and so on. Any set of molecules that exhibit a specificbinding reaction where the binding therebetween can be exploited fordetecting presence or one or the other can be used in the practice ofthe instant invention.

Some examples of these biologically active materials are interleukins,interferons, T-helper cell CD4 molecule, F_(c) receptor, acetylcholinereceptor (AChR), T cell receptor for antigen, insulin receptor, tumornecrosis factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, hormonereceptor, antibodies, antibody fragments, IgG molecules, F_(ab) antibodyfragment molecules, recombinant proteins, polypeptides, phage, phagefragments, DNA fragments, RNA fragments, hormones, such as, insulin andhCG, enzymes, sialic acid, porphyrins, nucleotides, viruses, viralfragments and the like.

In general, the ligand molecules include antigens (i.e. bacteria,viruses and toxins), antibodies (i.e. IgG and IgE molecules), antibodyfragments, F_(ab) fragments, polypeptides, hormones (i.e. insulin andhCG), neurotransmitters (i.e. acetylcholine), DNA fragments, RNAfragments, enzymes (i.e. organophosphate acid anhydrolase (OPAA) andorganophosphate hydrolase (OPH)), small molecules, such as sialic acid,porphyrins and nucleotides, or other receptor molecules well know tothose of ordinary skill of art. Preferred ligands in this invention areIgG, F_(ab), and other antigen binding portions of immunoglobulins,whether derived from naturally occurring immunoglobulin or protein maderecombinantly.

Receptors are biomolecules (i.e. proteins or polysaccharides) oftenpresent at the cell surface, and often partially embedded in ortraversing the cell plasma membrane. The receptors are capable ofrecognizing viruses, antigens, neurotransmitters, hormones and the like.For example, T helper cell CD4 molecule is a virus-specific receptor ofHIV, while T cell receptor recognizes specific antigens. Acetylcholinereceptor (AChR) binds the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, whereashormone receptors such as the adrenergic or insulin receptor recognizesadrenaline and insulin, respectively. Others may include F_(c) receptorson macrophages, which is a receptor of immunoglobulin. These receptorsor receptor moieties can be isolated from the biological systems, orsynthesized through either biotic or abiotic routes. Therefore, thesenewly developed receptor molecules or moieties can also be utilized asligands for nanomanipulation applications.

While the above assay formats are exemplified by the use of antibodiesand fragments thereof arising from the antigen binding activity thereof,the polymers of interest can be used with other molecules withantigen-binding ability. Examples of such other molecules includenucleic acids, such as, deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid, andreceptors, such as hormone receptors isolated from cells or producedrecombinantly.

The joining of a polymer of interest with another molecule of interest,such as a bioactive molecule, such as a protein, such as an antibody orantigen, a nucleic acid, biotin, streptavidin, colloidal gold and thelike, is carried out using known methods, such as, chemical syntheticmethods using the chemical characteristics of the polymer or modifiedpolymer and of the molecule to be bound thereto. Thus, the polymer canbe modified to contain, for example, amine groups that can be used asthe reactive site to which a molecule of interest can be bound throughcovalent linkages. Alternatively, the joining may occur by mere mixingof the polymer and molecule to be bound through non-covalent linkagestherebetween. The linking of another entity to the polymer of interestcan also be achieved through a combination of both. For example, apolymer of interest can be covalently linked to a ligand, followed byphysical adsorption of a reporter particle through non-covalent linkagesto form a ligand-polymer-reporter particle conjugate, which can bereadily used for bioassays.

When preparing protein-based assays or detection systems based on theseimmunoassay formats, one often encounters three major difficulties:denaturation, adhesion/immobilization and orientation of proteins. Aprotein or antibody molecule often folds into a three-dimensionalstructure in solution to maintain biological activity. On interactionwith different solid surfaces, for example, during immobilization ontomembranes, glass slides, or micro/nanoparticles, the three-dimensionalstructure of the protein molecule often collapses, thus losingbiological activity.

Also, some proteins are simply not amenable to fixation onto a solidphase. To affix certain proteins onto a solid phase often requireschemical reaction or electrostatic interaction intervention. However,such reactions may impact the secondary and tertiary structures of abiomolecule of interest, as discussed hereinabove. Moreover,heterogeneous chemical reactions often may not run to completion orinherently do not have reaction kinetics highly in favor of the desiredproduct. That can yield a mixture including unwanted reactants and sideproducts.

In some cases, the reactions can inadvertently denature, partially orcompletely, the protein to be bound to a solid surface.

Electrostatic reactions rely on isoelectric points and dipole moments ofthe proteins of interest. Moreover, those characteristics are dependenton the environment of the protein, for example, on the pH andcomposition of the buffer.

Thus, those approaches can and often lead to undesirable results, suchas poor yield of the desired product, and reproducibility in general.From the standpoint of commerciability, the result is poor lot-to-lotconsistency.

Therefore, the physical deposition strategy, although low in cost, givesa completely random orientation of the binding ligands. On the otherhand, the multistep chemical attachment approach provides improvedorientation. However, the latter is often too expensive, and also tendsto give irreproducible results due to incomplete chemical reactions.

The polymers of interest can be used to advantage in bioassays. Avariety of assay formats exist and any are amenable to improvement usinga polymer of interest. Examples of such known assay formats are providedhereinbelow.

An antibody based “sandwich” assay consists of three components: acapture antibody, an antigen and a detector antibody linked with areporter (i.e., an enzyme, a fluorophore, a colored particle, a dyedparticle or a particle containing a dye, a stained particle, aradioactive label, quantum dots, nanocrystals, up-convertingphosphorescent particles, fluorophore or dye-containing polymer or latexbeads that are detectable visually and/or with mechanical assistance andso on). Such an assay often requires three separate experimental steps.The first step involves immobilization of the capture antibody on asolid surface, followed by a subsequent addition of an antigen solutionto form an antibody-antigen complex. The last step is to add a reportergroup comprising a labeled detector antibody to generate a captureantibody-antigen-detector antibody complex. As a result of this“sandwich” assay, the unknown antigen can be identified, as well as thequantity and concentration of the antigen, which can be quantified, forexample, with an optical reader. If the antigen is not present in thesample solution, no “sandwich” complex will be formed, and thus nosignal will be observed.

The actual structure of “sandwich” complexes is highly dependent on thebinding reagents and reporter moieties. The various assay formats can beexemplified using colloidal gold as the reporter molecule. It is wellknown in the art that the formation of capture antibody-antigen-detectorantibody-gold particle complexes results in a positive test. However, inreality, during the synthesis of gold-labeled detector antibody, it wasfound that the antibody often is randomly oriented on the gold surfacedue to variations in dipole moment and isoelectric point of differentproteins, for example. As a result, a precrosslinked product, whichconsisted only of detector-gold antibody aggregates, was formed, evenwithout the presence of antigen. This precrosslinked product raised thenoise or background level very significantly, and in some cases,generated very serious false positive readings.

The asymmetrically branched polymer based assays, on the other hand,generate a clean, but very different immunocomplex: captureantibody-antigen-detector antibody-ABP-particle. In this case, only aclean immunocomplex is formed, and the precrosslinked products arecompletely eliminated. As a result, the assay sensitivity issignificantly enhanced, and false positive readings are dramaticallyreduced. In addition, much smaller amounts of reagents are utilized whencompared with standard antibody-based assays that do not employ thepolymers of interest. Moreover, the capture antibodies can also beattached onto different solid surfaces through ABP using a similarimmobilization strategy. This approach is independent of dipole momentand isoelectric point of proteins, thus greatly simplifying assayconstruction processes and all the while maintaining the protein ofinterest in native configuration or at the least, in a configurationthat maintains particular binding sites and epitopes of interest.

The second assay configuration is based on a sequential assay format forthe detection of antibodies in unknown samples. In this case, an antigenor fragment thereof carrying an epitope is applied to the solid surface.During the test, the antigen will bind with the targeted antibody, whichsubsequently reacts with another generic anti-species antibody labeledwith colloidal gold. Therefore, the characteristic red color indicates apositive test, while no color change indicates a negative test. Apolymer of interest can be used to affix the antigen to the solid phase,as well as used to label an antibody of interest as describedhereinabove.

The third assay configuration is an indirect sandwich assay format. Inthis case, a capture antibody is applied to the membrane surface. Duringthe test, the capture antibody will bind with the targeted antigen,previously linked with an intermediate linker molecule, for example, abiotin or a fluorescein, which subsequently reacts with streptavidin oranti-fluorescein antibody labeled with colloidal gold. Therefore, thered color indicates a positive test, while no color change indicates anegative test. Again, a polymer of interest is used to attach proteinsof interest to a solid phase and to mediate the labeling of proteinswith a label, such as an additional reactant, such as the biotin orstreptavidin, and the like.

In addition, one or multiple biotin or fluorescein-linked enzymemolecules, such as HRP, can also be attached to streptavidin or anantifluorescein antibody-labeled colloidal gold particle. On addition ofsubstrate molecules, the signal can be further enhanced because of themultiple reporter molecules.

Alternatively, the capture antibody can bind a complex which consists ofantigen-detector antibody previously linked with an intermediate linkermolecule, for example, a biotin or a fluorescein, followed by reactionwith streptavidin or anti-fluorescein antibody labeled with colloidalgold. A red color again indicates a positive test, while no color changeindicates a negative test.

Another aspect of this invention is to link detector antibody to thecolloidal gold particles through biotin-streptavidin-ABP orfluorescein-anti-fluorescein-ABP linkages. This will allow the rapidconstruction of various sandwich-based assays and microarrays.

Another aspect of this invention is to first label an antigen or amixture of antigens with an intermediate linker such as biotin orfluorescein. The capture antibody can bind the reporter molecule on theantigen, such as biotin/fluorescein that is conjugated to an antigen, oran epitope of the antigen followed by detecting bound antigen withstreptavidin or antifluorescein-labeled reporters, for example. Thenegative test shows no color changes, while the positive test isindicated by a color change. Again, the polymer of interest is utilizedto link streptavidin or antifluorescein-antibody to reporters, i.e.,colloidal gold particles.

The fourth assay configuration is based on a competition format. Thecapture antibody is immobilized on a solid phase, and the antigen islabeled with, for example, colloidal gold particles. In the absence oftargeted antigen, the gold-labeled antigen will directly react with thecapture antibody, thus generating the characteristic red color, which isinterpreted as a negative test. In contrast, in the presence of targetedantigen, due to steric effects, the targeted antigen will bind thecapture antibody faster and stronger than the gold-labeled antigen, thusgenerating no color change, which is interpreted as a positive test.Conversely, a reverse antigen/antibody configuration could also beutilized.

The fifth assay configuration is to use any of the above four assayformats, or any other assay format that directly or indirectly detectsand/or quantifies a target of interest to construct protein microarraysfor the detection and quantification of multiple antigens using, forexample, an optical reader for quantification (FIG. 4).

Any of a variety of assay formats can be used in the practice of theinstant invention. The artisan can well configure an assay usingreagents that will be amenable to identifying a target compound ofinterest.

The instant assay can be configured as a qualitative assay, such as thecommercially available pregnancy assay kits that yield a “yes/no”visible reaction. The instant assay also can yield quantitative resultsby providing graded amounts of reactants, suitable controls and a set ofcontrol reactions using known reagents to provide a “standard curve” toserve as a reference. Configuring an assay to provide quantitativeresults is known in the art with guidance obtainable in any of a varietyof texts and publications.

In one aspect of this invention, the asymmetrically branched polymer iscovalently linked with a bioactive molecule (i.e. an IgG antibody,avidin, or streptavidin). The resulting conjugate is allowed to reactwith colloidal gold particles. The resulting antibody-ABP-gold conjugatecan be incorporated into a lateral flow immunoassay as depicted in FIGS.5A and 5B.

The asymmetrically branched polymer provides three unique features.First, the asymmetrically branched polymer serves as a spacer moleculebetween the antibody and the solid surface or particle surface. Second,the asymmetrically branched polymer acts as a carrier to transport thebioactive molecules, as well as acting as an anchor to adhere thesemolecules onto a solid surface from a solution with only theasymmetrically branched polymer portion of the conjugate touching thesurface. Third, during this anchoring process, the asymmetricallybranched polymer-bioactive molecule conjugate also self-orients thecomplex at the solid surface.

FIG. 6 depicts the assay performance comparison results of a modifiedrandom asymmetrically branched PEI polymer-antibody conjugate using alateral flow assay format. As explained earlier, when antibody isdirectly adsorbed onto a solid surface (i.e. colloidal gold surface),the antibody molecule tends to lose activity very rapidly due todenaturation. In addition, the linkage between antibody and colloidalgold generally heavily depends on the isoelectric point of the antibody.In most cases, the electrostatic interaction between antibodies and goldparticles is not strong enough, thus producing a variety of undesiredside products resulting from dissociation, which often causes seriousfalse positive reactions and stability problems. Therefore, theasymmetrically branched polymer-antibody conjugates provide much betterassay results in terms of sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility.

As shown in FIG. 6, the quantitative assay results as indicated byoptical density measurements (scanner units) demonstrates a positivecorrelation of signal increase with an increase of antigen (ricintoxoid) concentration. A very dramatic sensitivity difference wasobserved when comparing modified ABP-anti ricin conjugate-based assayswith just antibody-based test strips. If 30 scanner units (an untrainedindividual can easily identify the test lines) are set as a minimum fora positive test, the ABP-based assay is at least 60-fold more sensitivethan the corresponding antibody-based assays. At higher concentrations,the results were even more dramatic, with optical densities rapidlyincreasing with increasing concentrations in the ABP-Ab-based assays,while the Ab-based assay test line eventually formed a plateau despitean increase in concentration.

The data again proved that without the utilization of an ABP, a majorityof antibody molecules were either denatured or poorly oriented at thesolid phase surface. The ABP served not only as a carrier, but moreimportantly as an anchoring spacer for the antibody molecules whenimmobilized from a solution onto a solid surface, thus completelyeliminating the protein denaturation problem. The drastic differences inoptical density responses over various concentrations also provided aquantitative method for the determination of unknown sampleconcentration. In contrast, in the same concentration range, theantibody-based assays are much less responsive over concentrationchanges, and thus are not as suitable for quantitative measurements.

In addition to the significant enhancement in sensitivities, theABP-Ab-based lateral flow assays are also more amenable for medicaldiagnostics, target discovery, as well as monitoring biomarker changesand protein profiles during clinical trials and therapeutic treatments.

The “indirect” sandwich assay was also constructed in a microarrayformat for the detection of botulinum toxoid. As shown in FIG. 7, whenABP was used to attach streptavidin to colloidal gold, the intensity ofthe reaction was dramatically improved when compared with the non-ABPassays, thus greatly increasing the assay sensitivity. The result is toenhance a positive signal. Using the same principle, assays andmicroarrays based on sandwich, competition, or sequential assay formatscan be readily produced.

The conjugates of interest comprising one of a binding pair, a randomasymmetric branched polymer of interest and a reporter molecule can beconfigured into a number of different assay formats, wherein one, two,three, four or more targets can be monitored simultaneously. Suchsimultaneous assays can be conducted using one or more devices thatcarry the conjugates on a suitable solid phase, as described herein andas known in the art, such as plastic, such as a microtiter plate, or amembrane, such as nitrocellulose. A single device can contain aplurality of conjugates to detect a plurality of targets. Such amultiplex device can detect two, three, four or more targets.

The ABP-Ab conjugates once attached onto colloidal gold nanoparticles(5-100 nm) or latex beads (0.2-1 μm) can also be utilized to producebead-based nanoarrays or microarrays. In either case, either oneantibody per bead or multiple antibodies per bead can be synthesized.The bead nano/microarray was found to be very effective for separatingand detecting targeted proteins from biological fluids such as serum,plasma, whole blood, saliva, and urine.

Once the above assay configuration is incorporated, it can be seen thatthe number of molecules or markers detected can be single or plural inan assay or on a device. Thus, a chip microarray can also be constructed(FIG. 4). Using the same principle, a high-density microarray can alsobe developed for the simultaneous identification of multiple targetsincluding proteins, toxins, viruses, bacteria, bacterial spores, drugs,chemical agents, pollutants and/or any other target of interest. Theresulting microarrays can be constructed using a lateral flow assayformat. Another assay format is a bead array, as offered by BD Illuminaand Luminex, a plate microarray, a bead microarray or a combinationthereof.

Such assays can be configured to contain a plurality of biomarkers thatare diagnostic for a desired purpose. Thus, such a multiplex device,which can be a nanoarray or microarray, can be diagnostic for apathologic state, reveal reaction to stimulus, such as a food or drug,and so on. The number of biomarkers used will depend on the endpoint andgenerally will be the minimal number of markers needed to demonstratewhether the endpoint exists. Thus, as known in the art, determiningexposure of a host to a pathogen can rely on a single diagnosticantibody that binds said pathogen. Reactivity to a drug may require alarger number of biomarkers as the impact of a drug on a host maytrigger reaction in a number of cellular functions. Moreover, thebiomarkers used may need to be optimized to operate on a majority of anrandomly breeding population or a plurality of assays may be requiredusing different sets of biomarkers in each assay.

The preferred conjugates of the present invention include those where anasymmetrically branched polymer conjugate comprises at least oneasymmetrically branched polymer associated with at least one unit of atleast one biologically active material or biological response indicator.The polymer of interest can include those that do not contain a core orthose that contain a core, such as those disclosed in the Denkewalter etal. patents. The preferred asymmetrically branched polymer of thepresent invention includes those where an asymmetrically branchedpolymer comprises at least one random or regular asymmetrically branchedpolymer constructed by at least one type of monomer capable of formingadditional branches. As described herein, some of the polymers ofinterest do not contain a core. Some examples of random and regularasymmetrically branched polymers are randomly branchedpolyethyleneimines, polypropyleneimines, polyamidoamines, and regularlybranched polylysine.

The surfaces to which the asymmetrically branched polymer conjugate maybe bound are varied and may include glass, nitrocellulose, paper,quartz, plastic, metal, colloidal particles including colloidal gold,colloidal silver and colloidal platinum, polymer or latex beads,inorganic particles, silicon wafers, colored latex particles, particlescontaining fluorescent or colored materials, clay, ceramic,silicon-based or ceramic semiconductor particles, silicon or ceramicsemiconductor chips, nanocrystals, quantum dots, and up-convertingphosphorescent particles. Quantum dots are inorganic nanoparticles(often less than 5 nm in diameter) capable of emitting different colorsof light by controlling the composition and size of the materialcontained within the particle. Up-converting phosphors are submicronceramic microparticles that emit visible light on excitation withnear-infrared light. Such particles have sizes ranging from 100 nm to500 nm and comprise rare earth ions, e.g., ytterbium, which are capableof absorbing two photons of infrared light. Due to the absence ofautofluorescence in the background, these microparticles are oftenutilized as a tagging moiety for biological assays.

The assays comprising asymmetrically branched polymers of interest and amoiety with drug binding ability can be used to monitor drug presenceand levels in a recipient of a drug. Such a moiety can be an antibody,an antigen-binding portion of an antibody or a ligand, for example. Thedrug to be monitored can be any drug, including those mentioned herein,and further including cox-2 inhibitors, NSAIDs, antimitotics,antibiotics, antivirals, and the like, for example, warfarin, phenytoin,digoxin, carbamazepine, methotrexate, phenobarbital, procainamide,valproates, theophylline, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, gentamycin,tobramycin, amikacin and vancomycin.

The instant invention contemplates kits comprising storable,shelf-stable reagents that comprise an assay, such as those describedhereinabove. Shelf stability can be gauged by storage time at roomtemperature, at refrigerator temperatures and so. The kits can comprisea plurality of vials comprising liquid reagents or desiccated reagentsto be reconstituted with an appropriate diluent, such as sterile wateror a buffer. The kit can comprise a device housing the various reagents,such as a known pregnancy test kit, a lateral flow immunoassay kit andso on. Thus, the assay format for the kit can be in the form or shape ofa dipstick, a wand, a slide and the like. Generally such devicescomprise a plastic holder with appropriate solid phases, such as aplastic, a membrane, a paper and the like.

The results of the assays of the instant invention can be ascertained ina qualitative manner, such as in a dipstick assay with a visual readout.Such assays are known and exemplified by various immunoassays, such aspregnancy test kits and the like.

The results of the assays of the instant invention can be ascertained bya mechanical means. The mechanical means can be any physical device thatsenses or detects the particular physical characteristics of thereporter molecule or a product of the reporter molecule. The mechanicaldevice can be one that is situated in a laboratory setting, or may besituated in a movable setting for point of use applications, such as ahand held device. The device can be made into smaller, portable formatsfor more directed point of use applications, such as in a hospital room,physician's office, in the field and the like. Examples of portabledevices and hand-held devices that can be used to detectspectrophotometric, luminescent, chemiluminescent, fluorescent orcolorimetric reporter molecules are provided, for example, in U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,083,868; H1563; 6,480,115; 6,394,952; 5,900,379; 6,663,833;6,656,745; 6,267,722; 6,706,539; 5,646,735; 6,346,984; 6,002,488;5,962,838; 4,917,495; 6,575,368; and 6,583,880.

Such a mechanical device is one that has a detecting or sensing meansfor ascertaining, particularly the reporter molecule. A detecting meansis one that is suitable for determining the presence of a particularreporter molecule. A radioactive reporter molecule is detectable with,for example, a scintillation counter or a Geiger-Muller counter. Alight-emitting, fluorescent or luminescent reporter molecule isdetectable with, for example, a colorimeter, a refractometer, areflectometer, a photosensing device comprising, for example, aphotomultiplier tube, a scanner, a charge coupled device (CCD) imagesensor, a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensorand the like.

The device also can comprise a data processing means whereby thedetected signal is processed and digitized. The processing means oftenis termed a central processing unit, a CPU, or a microprocessor, such asa semiconductor chip where data processing and analysis occurs. Thedigitized information either is stored in a self-contained data storagedevice, such as a tape, diskette, hard drive and the like or iscommunicated via data communication means, such as wired computercommunication means or by wireless means using appropriate means, suchas infrared, radiowave, microwave and the like, to a remote data storagemeans or a data processing means wherein the information is analyzed.

The device can contain a data input means. For example, the device caninclude a keyboard, a scanner and the like to provide commands forimplementation by the device or to associate identifying informationwith data. The scanner can be one that obtains and stores an image, orcan be one that interprets a code, such as a bar code, see for example,U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,885,530 and 6,099,469.

Thus, the remote detecting device can contain data processing means,such as a circuit board having an integrated circuit thereon, see forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,494,798 and 6,480,115, with software tocontrol operation of the device. The remote device can comprise a datastorage means, which may be removable, such as a diskette, “stick” andother data storage forms. If not removable, the stored data can beaccessible via a data communication means. Such communication means canbe a hard wire for direct download of data, or such communication cantake an alternative form as known in the art, such as wireless signal,for example, shortwave signals, such as radio frequencies, microwavesand infrared. Such wireless signals can be transmitted via antennae orby satellite.

For example, the information can be analyzed to compare experimental andcontrol runs. Alternatively, the experimental run, either as a rawfigure or as a figure corrected by the control is compared to populationmean values. The data reduction and analyzing can be accomplished usingany of a variety of available algorithms or which can be developed toyield software means for obtaining the appropriate analysis of data andto obtain a suitable output of results.

The device can contain a display means, such as a CRT or liquid crystaldisplay, wherein the detected and/or analyzed data is appropriatelyprocessed, for example, compared with control data relating topreviously obtained population data, and the data is provided to thedevice operator. The data can be presented as desired, for example asprovided hereinabove, the raw data, relative data once adjusted forcontrol values, or both, can be displayed on the remote device, see forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,530 for point of use results.

Alternatively, the digitized information can be communicated to a datastorage means, the data storage means being contained within the deviceor separate from the device. The digitized information can becommunicated to the external storage means using known communicationmeans. The data contained in the storage means then can be communicatedwith a CPU for appropriate data analysis.

Examples of such devices with data processing interfaces and meansinclude U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,543,920; 5,589,932; and 6,362,886.

The conjugates of interest can carry a therapeutic bioactive moleculeand can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable foradministration. For example, the polymers of interest can be used tocoat or to encapsulate a bioactive molecule, such as a pharmacologicallyactive molecule, such as a drug, such as insulin. Such compositionstypically comprise the active ingredient composition and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, the language“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and allsolvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungalagents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like, compatiblewith pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents forpharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Exceptinsofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with theactive compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated.Supplementary active compounds also can be incorporated into thecompositions.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention for use as disclosedherein is formulated to be compatible with the intended route ofadministration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral,e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation),transdermal (topical), transmucosal and rectal administration. Solutionsor suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal or subcutaneousapplication can include the following components: a sterile diluent suchas water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethyleneglycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents;antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens;antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agentssuch as EDTA; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, andagents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride ordextrose. The pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as HCl orNaOH. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed and stored in ampoules,disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterileaqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterilepowders for the later preparation of sterile injectable solutions ordispersions. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers includephysiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL® (BASF;Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, thecomposition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent thatsyringability exists. The composition must be stable under theconditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against thecontaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Thecarrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example,water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol andliquid polyethylene glycol and the like) and suitable mixtures thereof.The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of acoating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particlesize in the case of dispersion and by the use of thickeners orsurfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achievedby various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens,chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal and the like. In manycases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example,sugars, polyalcohols, such as mannitol, sorbitol or sodium chloride inthe composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions canbe brought about by including in the composition an agent that delaysabsorption, for example, aluminum monostearate or gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the activecompound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or acombination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed byfiltered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared byincorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains abasic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from thoseenumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation ofsterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation arevacuum drying and freeze drying that yield a powder of the activeingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previouslysterile-filtered solution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an ediblecarrier. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the activecompound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form oftablets, troches or capsules. Oral compositions also can be preparedusing a fluid carrier to yield a syrup or liquid formulation, or for useas a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is appliedorally and swished and expectorated or swallowed.

Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materialscan be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills,capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the followingingredients or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such asmicrocrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient suchas starch or lactose; a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid,Primogel or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate orSterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweeteningagent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such aspeppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the compound is delivered in the formof, for example, an aerosol spray from a pressurized container ordispenser that contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such ascarbon dioxide or a nebulizer, or a mist.

Systemic administration also can be by transmucosal or transdermalmeans. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrantsappropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.Such penetrants generally are known in the art and include, for example,for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts and fusidic acidderivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through theuse of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration,the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels orcreams as generally known in the art. Another known penetrant isdimethyl sulfoxide.

The compound also can be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g.,with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and otherglycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

In one embodiment, the active compound is prepared with carriers thatwill protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, suchas a controlled release formulation, including implants, depots, pumpsand microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters and polylactic acid. Forexample, a formulation can be enteric coated.

Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. The materials also can be obtained commercially fromAlza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Liposomal and cochleate suspensions (including liposomes targeted toinfected cells with antibodies or other targeting moieties) also can beused as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Those can be preparedaccording to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteralcompositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration anduniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers tophysically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject tobe treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of activecompound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect inassociation with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The dosages, forexample, preferred route of administration and amounts, are obtainablebased on empirical data obtained from preclinical and clinical studies,practicing methods known in the art. For repeated administrations overseveral days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment issustained until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs.However, other dosage regimens may be useful. The progress of thetherapy is monitored easily by conventional techniques and assays. Anexemplary dosing regimen is disclosed in WO 94/04188. The specificationfor the dosage unit forms of the invention is dictated by and directlydependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and theparticular therapeutic effect to be achieved and the limitationsinherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for thetreatment of individuals.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack ordispenser together with instructions for administration.

Another method of administration comprises the addition of a compound ofinterest into or with a food or drink, as a food supplement or additive,or as a dosage form taken on a prophylactic basis, similar to a vitamin.The conjugate of interest can be encapsulated into forms that willsurvive passage through the gastric environment. Such forms are commonlyknown as enteric-coated formulations. Alternatively, the conjugate ofinterest can be modified to enhance half-life, such as chemicalmodification of the peptide bonds, to ensure stability for oraladministration, as known in the art.

The instant invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeuticmethods of treating a subject at risk of (or susceptible to) cancer. Theparticular dosages, that is, the amount per dose and the mode ofadministration, are determined as known in the art, based on theempirical knowledge obtained from use of the active agent alone,pre-clinical studies, indication, clinical studies and the like,following known pharmacologic and pharmaceutical paradigms.

The invention now will be exemplified in the following non-limitingexamples.

EXAMPLES

Materials:

Random asymmetrically branched polyethyleneimines were purchased fromAldrich and Polysciences. Regular asymmetrically branched polymers wereprepared according to procedures provided in U.S. Pat. No. 4,289,872.Colloidal gold particles were prepared according to procedures publishedin the literature (G. Frens et al., Nature Physical Science, Vol. 241,Jan. 1, 1973, 20). All of the antibodies were purchased fromSigma-Aldrich, Biodesign, or Fitzgerald.

Synthesis of Modified Random Asymmetrically Branched PEIs with AminoFunctional Groups (m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂-1.0)

The following reagents including random asymmetrically branchedpolyethyleneimine (ran-AB-PEI, MW 2,000, 25,000, and 75,000), methylacrylate (MA, FW=86.09), ethylenediamine (EDA, FW=60.10) and methanolwere utilized in this synthesis.

To a round bottom flask were added 1.0 g PEI (MW 2,000) and 20 mlmethanol (solution A). To a separate round bottom flask were added 3.0 gmethylacrylate (MA) and 10 ml methanol (solution B). Solution A was thenslowly dropped into solution B while stirring at room temperature. Theresulting solution was allowed to react at 40° C. for 2 hours. Oncompletion of the reaction, the solvent and unreacted MA monomer wereremoved by rotary evaporation, and the product, MA-functionalized PEI,was then redissolved in 20 ml of methanol.

To a round bottom flask were added 80 g EDA and 50 ml of methanol,followed by a slow addition of MA-functionalized PEI at 0° C. (1 g MAdissolved in 20 ml methanol). The solution was then allowed to react at4° C. for 48 hours. The solvent and the excess EDA were removed byrotary evaporation. The crude product was then precipitated out from anethyl ether solution, and further purified by dialysis to give about 3.0g of primary amine-functionalized random asymmetrically branched PEI(m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂-1.0) with a molecular weight of about 7300. Theproduct was characterized by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC).

Other MA or primary amine-modified random asymmetrically branched PEIand regular asymmetrically branched polylysine polymers with variousmolecular weights were prepared in a similar manner.

Synthesis of Modified Random Asymmetrically Branched PEIs with MixedHydroxyl and Amino Functional Groups (m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2)

The following reagents including amino-functionalized randomasymmetrically branched polyethyleneimine (m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂-1.0), MA,EDA, monoethanolamine (MEA, FW=61.08), and methanol were utilized inthis synthesis.

To a round bottom flask were added 1.0 g amino-modified PEI orm-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂-1.0 produced from the previous procedure and 20 ml ofmethanol (solution A). To a separate round bottom flask were added 3.0 gof MA and 10 ml methanol (solution B). Solution A was then slowlydropped into solution B while stirring at room temperature. Theresulting solution was allowed to react at 40° C. for 2 hours. Oncompletion of the reaction, the solvent and unreacted monomer MA wereremoved by rotary evaporation, and the product, MA-functionalizedm-ran-AB-PEI-MA-1.5, was then redissolved in 20 ml of methanol.

To a round bottom flask were added 60 g EDA, 240 g MEA and 100 mlmethanol (the mole ratio of EDA:MEA is 20:80), followed by slow additionof m-ran-AB-PEI-MA-1.5 at 0° C. (1 g MA dissolved in 20 ml of methanol).The solution was then allowed to react at 4° C. for 48 hours. Thesolvent and the excess EDA were removed by rotary evaporation. The crudeproduct was then precipitated from an ethyl ether solution, and furtherpurified by dialysis to give about 3.0 g of mixed hydroxyl andamino-functionalized random ABP (m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2.0, with anaverage of 20% NH₂ and 80% OH groups and the molecular weight is about18,000).

Other modified random AB-PEI and regular AB polylysine polymers withvarious ratios of hydroxyl and amino groups, as well as differentmolecular weights were prepared in a similar manner.

Synthesis of Alkyl-Modified Random Asymmetrically BranchedPoly(2-ethyloxazoline) (PEOX) with Primary Amine Chain End Group

The synthesis of CH₃—(CH₂)₁₇₈-PEOXABP100 (ABP100 is an arbitrary name todenote the ratio of monomer to initiator in the initial reaction) isprovided as a general procedure for the preparation of core-shellnanocapsules. A mixture of CH₃(CH₂)₁₇₈CH₂—Br (3.36 g) in 500 ml oftoluene was azeotroped to remove water with a distillation head under N₂for about 15 min. 2-Ethyloxazoline (100 g) was added dropwise through anaddition funnel, and the mixture was allowed to reflux between 24 and 48hours. On completion of the polymerization, 12.12 g of EDA were added tothe reactive polymer solution (A) to introduce the amine function group.The molar ratio of polyoxazoline chain end to EDA is 1 to 20.

Morpholine also can be added to terminate the reaction. Thus, morpholinewas added to the reactive polymer solution (A) to terminate thereaction. The crude product was re-dissolved in methanol and thenprecipitated out from a large excess of diethyl ether. The bottom layerwas re-dissolved in methanol and dried by rotary evaporation and vacuumto give an asymmetrically random core-shell hyper-branched PEOX polymeras a white solid (101 g). Other asymmetrically hyperrandom-branchedpolymers such as C₁₂-PEOX ABP20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, C₁₈-PEOX ABP20,50, 200, 300, 500, C₂₂-PEOX ABP20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, andpolystyrene-PEOX etc. as well as non-modified and modifiedpoly(2-substituted oxazoline) such as poly(2-methyl oxazoline) polymerswere prepared in a similar manner. All the products were analyzed by SECand NMR.

Preparation of IgG-Asymmetrical Randomly Branched Polymer Conjugates

The preparation of randomly branched mixed surface (OH/NH₂ mix)m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2-IgG conjugates is provided as a general procedurefor the preparation of polymer-antibody and polymer-streptavidinconjugates. Other conjugates such as PEI-IgG, m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂-1-IgG,m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂-2-IgG, m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂-3-IgG, m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂-4-IgG,as well as m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-1 (OH/NH₂ mix)-IgG, m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2(OH/NH₂ mix)-IgG, m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-3 (OH/NH₂ mix)-IgG, regularpolylysine polymer, alkyl-modified random branchedpoly(2-ethyloxazoline) with primary amine chain ends were allsynthesized in a similar manner. The synthesis of various proteinconjugates with asymmetrically random branched PEOX polymers is alsoconducted in a similar manner. The biotinylated-IgG conjugates weresynthesized as provided in Bioconjugate Techniques (G. Hermanson,Academic Press, 1996).

LC-SPDP-Mixed Surface m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2:

To the mixed surface randomly branched m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2 (400×10⁻⁹mol) in 400 ml of phosphate buffer (20 mM phosphate and 0.1 M NaCl, pH7.5) were added 4.0×10⁻⁶ mol of sulfo-LC-SPDP (Pierce, Ill.) in 400 mlof water. This was vortexed and incubated at 30° C. for 30 minutes. TheLC-SPDP-m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2 was purified by gel filtrationchromatography and equilibrated with buffer A (0.1 M phosphate, 0.1 MNaCl and 5 mM EDTA, pH 6.8). It was further concentrated to yield 465 mlof solution, with a concentration of approximately 0.77 nmol/μmol.

Thiolated m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2 from LC-SPDP m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2:

The LC-SPDP m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2 (50 nmol in 65 ml of buffer A) wasmixed with 100 ml of dithiothreitol (DTT) (50 mM in buffer A) and wasallowed to incubate at room temperature for 15 minutes. Excess DTT andbyproducts were removed by gel filtration with buffer A. It wasconcentrated in a 10 K Centricon Concentrator to yield 390 ml of thethiolated m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2 that was used for conjugation with theactivated antibody.

Maleimide R (MAL-R)-Activated Antibody:

To the antibody in PBS (310 μL, 5.1 mg or 34 nmol) were added 20.4 ml ofa MAL-R-NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) solution (10 mM in water). Themixture was vortexed and incubated at 30° C. for 15 minutes. It waspurified by gel filtration with buffer A. The maleimide-R-activatedantibody was used for conjugation with the thiolatedm-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2.

m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2-Antibody Conjugate:

To the thiolated m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2 (310 ml or 35.7 nmol) was addedthe MAL-R-activated antibody (4.8 mL or 34 nmol). The reaction mixturewas concentrated to approximately 800 ml, which was allowed to incubateovernight at 4° C., and at room temperature for about 1 hr. Oncompletion, the reaction was quenched with 100 μL of ethyl maleimide (50mmolar solution), and the conjugate was then fractionated on acarboxymethyl cellulose column (5 ml) with a sodium chloride stepgradient in 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6. The conjugate was elutedwith a sodium chloride gradient, and characterized by cationic exchangechromatography, UV spectroscopy, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Conjugation via Reductive Coupling

Reduction of Antibody:

To the antibody, 2.1 mg or 14 nmol in 160 μL of buffer B (containing 0.1M sodium phosphate, 5 mM EDTA, and 0.1 M NaCl, pH 6.0) were added 40 μLof DTT (50 mM in buffer B). The solution was allowed to stand at roomtemperature for 30 min. It was purified by gel filtration in a SephadexG-25 column equilibrated with buffer B. The reduced antibody wasconcentrated to 220 μL, and was used for the following conjugation.

MAL-R-Mixed Surface ABP:

To the mixed surface ABP in 400 μL (400×10⁻⁹ mols) at pH 7.4 were added400 μL of MAL-R-NHS (10 mM in water). This was mixed and incubated at30° C. for 15 min. On termination, it was purified on a Sephadex G-25column equilibrated with buffer B. The MAL-R-mixed surface ABP wascollected and stored in aliquots in the same buffer at −40° C.

Mixed Surface ABP-Antibody Conjugate:

To the reduced antibody (14 nmols in 220 μL) was added the MAL-R-mixedsurface m-ran-AB-PEI-NH₂/OH-2 (154 μL, 16.6 nmols) with stirring. Tothis were added 12.5 μL of sodium carbonate (1.0 M solution) to bringthe pH to ˜6.8. The reaction was continued for 1 hr at room temperature.It was terminated with the addition of 100 μL of cysteamine (0.4 mMsolution). The conjugation mixture was purified on a CM cellulose columnwith a sodium chloride gradient elution.

Colloidal Gold-Based Immunoassays

Preparation of Gold-Ab Conjugates:

To a 125 ml flask were added 60 ml of colloidal gold solution (20-80 nmin diameter as measured by TEM, O.D. 1.078 as measured by UVspectroscopy) (Frens et al., supra). The pH of the solution was adjustedto 8-11 by addition of a 0.2 M potassium carbonate solution. To thissolution were added 600 ml of conjugated antibody solution (O.D. 0.1-1.5in sodium borate buffer) while stirring, followed by subsequent additionof 600 ml of bovine serum albumin (20% with sodium azide stabilizer).The mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 20-60 more minutes. The solutionremained purple in color and some foaminess was observed. On completion,the stir bar was removed, and the reaction mixture was transferred totwo 50 ml conical tubes. The material was centrifuged until very littlecolor was observed in the supernatant. The supernatant was removed and400 ml of 25 mM sodium borate buffer were added in each tube. Thecontents were mixed thoroughly and the two tubes of material werecombined and characterized by UV-Vis.

The gold-ABP-streptavidin conjugates were prepared in a similar manner.The gold-ABP-streptavidin-biotin-Ab conjugates were prepared throughsubsequent addition of biotinylated Ab to gold-ABP-streptavidinconjugates. Other biologically active molecules, which can be used asreporters, such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or avidin andderivatives and analogs thereof can also be attached to gold in asimilar manner. However, during the test, additional substrates have tobe added to achieve signal enhancement.

Lateral Flow or Dipstick Immunoassay Ticket Experiments

An immunoassay device or “ticket” can consist of a strip of cellulose orother membrane (c) in a membrane-retaining device, generally composed ofan inert plastic, an adsorbent pad (a) and a receiving pad (b) at theends of the membrane (FIG. 5A). Two different antibodies (capture (d)and control (e) antibody) are sprayed on the membrane within about a 4mm distance. The capture antibody is utilized to capture analytemolecules, while the control antibody is utilized to verify the activityof detector antibodies. The detector antibody (labeled with a reporter,for example, previously conjugated on colloidal gold particles) isstored on a conjugate release pad (b), and is placed underneath theadsorbent pad. The strip/pad complex is then placed in a retainingdevice (FIG. 5B), primarily for the ease of handling in the field orhome environment. The total weight of this ticket can be about 4.5 g,and the dimensions can be about 2 cm (width)×7 cm (length)×0.5 cm(thickness).

Once the sample solution is applied on the adsorbent pad (a) througheither the sample well or applied using a dipstick, the antigen will mixwith the detector antibody-ABP-gold conjugate in situ, and the resultingantigen-detector antibody-ABP-gold complex will be captured by thecapture antibody previously sprayed on the membrane. As a result, acomplex consisting of capture antibody-antigen-detectorantibody-ABP-gold complex is formed, with a red color appearing (T)(FIG. 5B).

This complex is distinctly different from the prior art (i.e.,“sandwich” based lateral flow immunoassays), which comprise a differentcomplex or product consisting of only capture antibody-antigen-detectorantibody-gold complexes. Within these complexes, the detector antibodiesdirectly interact with colloidal gold particles, thus resulting inrandom orientation of such antibodies at the gold surface. This randomorientation generates undesired precrosslinked products (i.e., detectorantibody-colloidal gold particle clusters), significantly raising thebackground noise or false positive levels. In contrast, the instantABP-based assays completely eliminate the precrosslinked side products.As a result of this composition difference, the ABP-based assays show a100-fold sensitivity enhancement with 10-20-fold less reagents (FIG. 6).

As illustrated in FIG. 5B, on applying an unknown solution to the samplewell (S), if both capture (T) and control (C) lines turn red, the testresult is positive. If only the control line changes to red, the test isnegative.

The assay can be configured to be qualitative, that is, the results willbe presented in a form and manner that yields in a robust fashion eithera positive or a negative result for what the assay is intended toprovide with results visually discernable. On the other hand, the assayformat is amenable to yielding quantifiable results. Thus, the ticketcan be scanned by a device that provides a measure for the level ofreaction.

A series of samples with antigen (i.e., toxoid) concentrations rangingfrom 1-250 ng/ml (in a total volume of 100 ml) were prepared for thetest. Once the sample solution is added dropwise over 5 seconds to theadsorbent pad (the time is noted), the solution will flow laterallybased on the capillary movement of the fluid phase. The gold-Ab orgold-ABP-Ab conjugate will be released as soon as the solution passesthrough the conjugate release pad. If the test is positive, both controland test lines will turn red due to the formation of immunocomplexes,and the red color results from the colloidal gold particles. If the testis negative, only the control line will turn red and no color willappear on the test line due to the absence of “sandwich” immunocomplexesat the test line/capture Ab sites. The time required for detection isabout 15 minutes.

According to the same assay design, the microarray-based assays can beconstructed in a similar manner. In this case, capture antibodies arespotted on a solid surface through commercially available microarrayrobots, where detector antibody-gold conjugates are mixed together. Onthe addition of an unknown sample in a direct, indirect, or sequentialsandwich assay format, positive tests show red color changes in thecorresponding capture antibody locations predetermined on the surface,while the negative tests exhibit no color changes. Alternatively, in acompetition assay format, the reverse is true. Again, the polymer ofinterest is utilized to affix the antibodies or antigens to the solidsurface.

All references herein cited, including the two provisional applicationsfrom which benefit is claims, U.S. Ser. No. 60/523,692, filed Nov. 21,2003 and 60/580,728, filed Jun. 21, 2004 are herein incorporated byreference in entirety.

It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes,alterations, and modifications of the present invention are possible inlight of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood thatwhile the invention has been described in this specification with someparticularity, it is not intended to limit the invention to theparticular embodiments provided herein. On the contrary, it is intendedto cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may beincluded within the spirit and scope of the invention.

1. An asymmetrically branched polymer conjugate which comprises at leastone asymmetrically branched polymer associated with at least onebioactive agent.
 2. The conjugate of claim 1, wherein saidasymmetrically branched polymer is a non-modified or modifiedasymmetrically branched polymer.
 3. The conjugate of claim 1, whereinsaid bioactive agent is a diagnostic agent, therapeutic agent, or acombination of diagnostic and therapeutic agent.
 4. The conjugate ofclaim 1, wherein said asymmetrically branched polymer connects withanother bioactive agent through either covalent or non-covalentlinkages.
 5. The conjugate of claim 2, wherein said asymmetricallybranched polymer is a random or regular asymmetrically branched polymer.6. The conjugate of claim 5, wherein said random asymmetrically branchedpolymer is polyethyleneimine or a modified polyethyleneimine.
 7. Theconjugate of claim 5, wherein said random asymmetrically branchedpolymer is polyoxazoline or modified polyoxazoline.
 8. The conjugate ofclaim 7, wherein said random asymmetrically branched polyoxazoline ispoly(2-methyoxazoline) or poly(2-ethyloxazoline).
 9. The conjugate ofclaim 8, wherein said modified random asymmetrically branchedpolyoxazoline is modified poly(2-methyoxazoline) or modifiedpoly(2-ethyloxazoline).
 10. The conjugate of claim 5, wherein saidregular asymmetrically branched polymer is polylysine or a modifiedpolylysine.
 11. The conjugate of claim 1, wherein said bioactive agentis a metal.
 12. The conjugate of claim 11, wherein said metal is atransition metal, an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, a Lanthanideseries element or an Actinide series element.
 13. An assay kitcomprising the conjugate of claim 1 and a reporter molecule.
 14. The kitof claim 13, wherein said bioactive agent is a member of a binding pair.15. The kit of claim 14, wherein said binding pair comprises anantibody, an antigen binding portion thereof, an antigen or anepitope-containing portion thereof.
 16. The kit of claim 13, whereinsaid reporter molecule comprises a colored, luminescent or fluorescentparticulate or moiety, an enzyme, or a combination thereof.
 17. The kitof claim 16, wherein said fluorescent or luminescent particulate ormoiety comprises quantum dots, nanocrystals, up-convertingphosphorescent particles or fluorophore containing latex beads.
 18. Thekit of claim 16, wherein said colored particulate comprises colloidalmetals, comprising gold or silver, colored latex beads or colored dyes.19. The kit of clam 13, wherein said kit comprises a solid phasecontaining said conjugate and said reporter molecule.
 20. The kit ofclaim 19, wherein said solid phase comprises a flat surface or amembrane.
 21. The kit of claim 20, wherein said flat surface comprises asilicon wafer, quartz, glass, a metal, or a plastic.
 22. The kit ofclaim 20, wherein said membrane comprises a paper, a plastic membrane, anylon membrane or nitrocellulose.
 23. The kit of claim 19, wherein saidsolid phase and said conjugate comprise a microarray or a bead array.24. The kit of claim 13, wherein said reporter molecule yields a productwhich is detectable by color or by light.
 25. The kit of claim 13,wherein said bioactive agent binds to a biological polymer, a hormone, aneurotransmitter, a pathogen, a toxin, or a drug.
 26. The kit of claim25, wherein said pathogen is a bacterium, a spore, a parasite or avirus.
 27. The kit of clam 25, wherein said biological polymer is apolypeptide, a polysaccharide or a polynucleotide.
 28. The kit of claim27, wherein said polypeptide is an enzyme.
 29. The kit of claim 27,wherein said polypeptide is an antibody, an antigen binding portionthereof, an antigen or an epitope-containing portion thereof.
 30. Thekit of claim 19, wherein said solid phase comprises a dipstick, alateral flow immunoassay or a microarray.
 31. A method for detecting atarget molecule, comprising, obtaining a sample suspected of containingsaid target molecule, exposing said sample to the conjugate of claim 1,wherein said bioactive agent specifically binds to said target molecule,and determining whether complexes of said conjugate and said targetmolecule are formed.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein saiddetermining step comprises a reporter molecule.
 33. The method of claim31, wherein presence of said reporter molecule is determined visually.34. The method of claim 31, wherein presence of said reporter moleculeis detected with a mechanical means.
 35. The method of claim 34, whereinsaid mechanical means comprises a detecting means.
 36. The method ofclaim 34, wherein said mechanical means comprises a sensing means thatdigitizes data and a data storage means.
 37. The method of claim 34,wherein said mechanical means comprises a display means.
 38. The methodof claim 34, wherein said mechanical means is a hand held device. 39.The method of claim 34, further comprising a data communication means.40. The method of claim 34, wherein said mechanical means is portable.41. The method of claim 34, wherein said mechanical means comprises adetection signal quantifying means.
 42. The method of claim 39, whereinsaid communication means is a wireless means.
 43. The conjugate of claim1, wherein said bioactive agent is a drug.
 44. The conjugate of claim43, wherein said drug is an anesthetic, antibiotic, antifungal,antiviral, analgesic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antidote,antihistamine, chemotherapeutic agent, antidepressant, depressant,stimulant, tranquilizer, urinary anti-infective, vasoconstrictor,vitamin, cardioactive drug, immunosuppressive, or a nutritionalsupplement.
 45. The conjugate of claim 43, wherein said drug is abiological polymer.
 46. The conjugate of claim 43, wherein said drug isa hormone.
 47. The conjugate of claim 43, wherein said drug isencapsulated by said polymer.
 48. The conjugate of claim 45, whereinsaid biological polymer is a polypeptide or a polynucleotide.
 49. Theconjugate of claim 48, wherein said polynucleotide is a DNA or an RNA.50. The conjugate of claim 48, wherein said polypeptide is ligand orantigen binding.
 51. The conjugate of claim 50, wherein said antigenbinding polypeptide is an immunoglobulin. or antigen binding portionthereof.
 52. The conjugate of claim 49, wherein said RNA is an RNAi.